Prolactin Regulation Pdf

The Potential Roles of Bisphenol A BPA Pathogenesis in Autoimmunity. Canvasback Court, Carlsbad, CA 9. USA2. Division of Sciences, Bastyr University California, 4. Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA 9. USAReceived 1. 9 November 2. Revised 2. 0 January 2. Accepted 1. 2 February 2. Cabergoline brand names Dostinex and others, an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D 2 receptors. Rat studies show cabergoline has a direct. CoRtisol the villAin in MetABolic syndRoMe Rev Assoc Med BRAs 2014 6018492 85 disrupt homeostasis10, causing adverse metabolic effects. Several studies have. Published 7 April 2. Copyright 2. 01. Datis Kharrazian. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bisphenol A BPA is a monomer found in commonly used consumer plastic goods. Although much attention in recent years has been placed on BPAs impact as an endocrine disruptor, it also appears to activate many immune pathways involved in both autoimmune disease development and autoimmune reactivity provocation. The current scientific literature is void of research papers linking BPA directly to human or animal onset of autoimmunity. This paper explores the impact of BPA on immune reactivity and the potential roles these mechanisms may have on the development or provocation of autoimmune diseases. Potential mechanisms by which BPA may be a contributing risk factor to autoimmune disease development and progression include its impact on hyperprolactinemia, estrogenic immune signaling, cytochrome P4. Th 1. 7 receptors, molecular mimicry, macrophage activation, lipopolysaccharide activation, and immunoglobulin pathophysiology. In this paper a review of these known autoimmune triggering mechanisms will be correlated with BPA exposure, thereby suggesting that BPA has a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Introduction. Bisphenol A 2, 2 bis4 hydroxyphenyl propane BPA is a monomer used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. BPA is used in diverse forms of plastic products in the food and electronic industries and in various types of commonly used consumer goods, such as plastic containers, utensils, toys, water bottles, and fax paper. BPA has been shown to leach out of products, and high levels of the monomer have been identified in human and animal samples 1. The extensive use of BPA containing products has resulted in high human exposure worldwide 2, with studies reporting that more than 9. US population has detectable levels in urine samples 3. It appears that increased temperature leaches BPA into food and water products as does acidic p. H of liquids 4. Additionally, dermal contact with sales receipts and printer paper containing BPA compounds can lead to BPA exposure 5. BPA has been studied extensively as an endocrine disruptor, and numerous papers have shown how BPA may impact perinatal, childhood, and adult health 6. BPA has the ability to bind to estrogen receptors and promote both agonist and antagonist activity 7. Aprende Electronica Desde Cero Pdf. It also has the ability to bind to aryl hydrocarbon receptors and exert diverse adverse endocrine effects on human physiology 8. Its impact on hormone signaling and endocrine dysfunction continues to be an area of research. BPA also has been shown to have potential adverse neurological effects, especially with respect to fetal brain development and promotion of neurodegenerative diseases 9. Mice models showing perinatal exposure to BPA inhibits synaptogenesis and affects synaptic structural modification after birth 1. The impact of BPA on brain health and neurodevelopment also continues to be an area of research. This paper explores the worldwide exposure to BPA and its potential role in the growing epidemic of autoimmune disease. Although no human or animal studies have been published linking BPA to the onset of autoimmune disease, the potential seems very high due to the physiological influences of BPA and current immunological models regarding loss of self tolerance and autoimmunity. In addition to known immune mechanisms promoted by BPA that overlap with autoimmune generation, some early evidence also indicates that BPA may contribute to mechanisms that promote autoimmune expression and progression Figure 1. Figure 1 This diagram illustrates the potential mechanisms of bisphenol As promotion of autoimmunity. BPA bisphenol A B reg cell regulatory B cell LPS lipopolysaccharide TH T helper T reg regulatory T cell. BPA, Hepatic Biotransformation, and Autoimmunity. The hepatic biotransformation of BPA depends on phase I oxidationreduction involving glutathione and phase II glucuronidation, glutathione, and sulfate conjugation 1. Healthy humans exposed to BPA appear to have an accumulated body burden of BPA and monitoring studies that measure urinary BPA showed it stored in lipid reservoirs 1. Prolactin Regulation Pdf' title='Prolactin Regulation Pdf' />Despite proper hepatic biotransformation of BPA, the accumulation of BPA in body reservoirs may set the stage for immune reactivity and the onset of autoimmunity. Also, impaired hepatic clearance of circulating immune complexes in response to environmental compounds may induce autoimmunity. In a study of mice exposed to inorganic mercury, those mice that demonstrated reduced hepatic clearance of immune complexes also showed increased levels and altered quality of circulating immune complexes in mercury induced autoimmunity 1. Patients with abnormal hepatic biochemistries also have been shown to have a higher frequency of autoimmune disease 1. A growing body of evidence shows increased toxic loads deplete hepatic tolerance, which leads to over activation of the innate and adaptive immune response and the development of autoimmune disease 1. Higher BPA concentrations were associated with increased abnormal liver function tests 1. Animal studies demonstrate that BPA has the ability to generate reactive oxygen species ROS and reduce antioxidant reserves and enzymes that are critical for hepatic phase I and II biotransformation, including glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase, and catalase activity 1. BPA disruption of cytochrome P4. The cytochrome P4. Prolactin Regulation Pdf' title='Prolactin Regulation Pdf' />NICU Mary Ewing M. A., CCCSLP, CLC, BCSS Catherine Seitz M. A., CCCSLP, BCSS ISHA Fall Conference 2014 mjewingbsu. Role of the Therapist in the. CYP monooxygenases play a crucial role in the liver and various other tissues and are involved with oxidation of organic substances and the bioactivation of drugs and xenoestrogens 1. CYP activity is necessary for the conversion of xenoestrogens into inactive metabolites that are both noninflammatory and biologically inactive. However, environmental xenoestrogens also have the potential to be metabolized into more reactive and inflammatory metabolites, thereby inducing increased ROS 1. ROS are involved in apoptosis, activation of antigen presentation cells, and the initiation or amplification of diverse immunologic reactions that may be involved with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease Figure 2 1. Figure 2 This diagram illustrates the hepatic biotransformation of bisphenol A. GSH reduced glutathione GSSG oxidized glutathione. Impairment of hepatic biotransformation of CYP expression may lead to ROS pathophysiology of autoimmunity. ROS have the ability to induce autoreactive molecules that may be involved with both the onset and the exacerbation of autoimmunity 2. CYP enzymes are involved with metabolizing xenobiotics and producing ROS that may play a role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. In a study of mice offspring, BPA exposure to 1. Faa2%2Faa29fe83-de38-447f-a466-da35f544e300%2Fphp4lg73y.png' alt='Prolactin Regulation Pdf' title='Prolactin Regulation Pdf' />L of drinking water induced cytochrome CYP1. These mechanisms demonstrate the potential for BPA to disrupt proper CYP activity and potentially induce hepatotoxicity by promoting oxidative stress 1.